PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN VIRTUAL DAN PENGEMBANGAN KARIR TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN MELALUI LOYALITAS KARYAWAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA PT PELINDO DAYA SEJAHTERA SURABAYA
Keywords:
Kepemimpinan Virtual, Pengembangan Karir, Loyalitas Karyawan dan Kinerja KaryawanAbstract
Perkembangan pesat pada saat pandemi Covid-19 telah mengakibatkan perubahan dalam pekerjaan yang mengubah hidup di seluruh dunia menjadi berubah sangat drastis jutaan pekerja menghadapi kehilangan pekerjaan mendadak dan tak terduka, sementara sebagian jutaan lainnya menyesuaikan diri dengan new normal bekerja dalam isolasi. Kehidupan kerja dengan kehidupan keluarga bukanlah entitas yang terpisah tetapi sangat terkait fenomena ini dapat diperkuat dengan adanya fenomena panggilan video dan menjadi orang tua selama hari dan jam kerja. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepemimpinan virtual terhadap loyalitas karyawan, pengembangan karir terhadap loyalitas karyawan, kepemimpinan virtual terhadap kinerja karyawan, pengembangan diri terhadap kinerja karyawan dan loyalitas karyawan terhadap kinerja karyawan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 2227 dan teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalan non probability sampling dengan menggunakan rumus slovin yang berjumlah 230 responden. Hasil penelitian berdasarkan pengolahan data menggunakan aplikasi SEM maka mendapatkan hasil bahwa kepemimpinan virtual memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap kinerja karyawan.
References
Z. Bekirogullari and R. X. Thambusamy, “Virtual Leadership in Small Businesses during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Possibilities,” Eur. J. Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 3214–3224, 2020, doi: 10.15405/ejsbs.281.
C. W. WOLOR, S. SOLIKHAH, N. F. FIDHYALLAH, and D. P. LESTARI, “Effectiveness of E-Training, E-Leadership, and Work Life Balance on Employee Performance during COVID-19,” J. Asian Financ. Econ. Bus., vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 443–450, 2020, doi: 10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.443.
R. W. Y. Yee, A. C. L. Yeung, and T. C. Edwin Cheng, “An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry,” Int. J. Prod. Econ., vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 109–120, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.01
Aljayi, Y., Fjer, A., Guennioui, M., & Tamek, A. (2016). Multinational Companies’ Human Resource Management Practices’ and their Organizational Culture Impact on Employees’ Loyalty: Case of Japanese Multinational Company in Morocco. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230(May), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.026
Aurand, T. W., Gorchels, L., & Bishop, T. R. (2005). Human resource management’s role in internal branding: An opportunity for cross-functional brand message synergy. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 14(3), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510601030
Autin, K. L., Blustein, D. L., Ali, S. R., & Garriott, P. O. (2020). Career Development Impacts of COVID-19: Practice and Policy Recommendations. Journal of Career Development, 47(5), 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845320944486
Bartsch, S., Weber, E., Büttgen, M., & Huber, A. (2020). Leadership matters in crisis-induced digital transformation: how to lead service employees effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0160
Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group and Organization Management, 27(1), 14–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601102027001003
Ben Sedrine, S., Bouderbala, A., & Nasraoui, H. (2020). Leadership style effect on virtual team efficiency: trust, operational cohesion and media richness roles. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-10-2018-0289
Bloemer, J., & Odekerken-Schröder, G. (2006). The role of employee relationship proneness in creating employee loyalty. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(4), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320610671342
Cesinger, B. (2011). Career and success : A literature review. 1–28. http://www.dcc-selbstaendig.de/WP/WP_01_2011.pdf
Chu, H., Hsieh, M., & Chang, S. (2007). A Study of Career Development , Learning Motivation , and Learning Satisfaction of Adult Learners in Unconventional Scheduling Graduate Programs. Learning.
Chun, R. (2009). A corporate’s responsibility to employees during a merger: Organizational virtue and employee loyalty. Corporate Governance, 9(4), 473–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700910985016
Conference, I., & Science, S. (2017). 2017 International Conference on Business and Social Science (ICoBBS 2017). March, 1–107.
Daniela, P. (2015). The Relationship Between Self-Regulation, Motivation And Performance At Secondary School Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2549–2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.410
Dhir, S., Dutta, T., & Ghosh, P. (2020). Linking employee loyalty with job satisfaction using PLS–SEM modelling. Personnel Review, 49(8), 1695–1711. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2019-0107
Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2008). The impact of superior-subordinate relationships on the commitment, job satisfaction, and performance of virtual workers. Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.009
Guillon, O., & Cezanne, C. (2014). Employee loyalty and organizational performance: A critical survey. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(5), 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-02-2014-0025
Guzmán, V. E., Muschard, B., Gerolamo, M., Kohl, H., & Rozenfeld, H. (2020). Characteristics and Skills of Leadership in the Context of Industry 4.0. Procedia Manufacturing, 43, 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.167
Hassan, S. (2013). Impact of HR practices on employee satisfaction and employee loyalty : An empirical study of government owned public sector banks of Pakistan Impact of HR Practices on Employee Satisfaction and Employee Loyalty : An Empirical Study of Government Owned Pub. October 2017. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.16.01.11638
Hendijani, R., Bischak, D. P., Arvai, J., & Dugar, S. (2016). Intrinsic motivation, external reward, and their effect on overall motivation and performance. Human Performance, 29(4), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2016.1157595
Hughes, D., Bimrose, J., Barnes, S., Bowes, L., & Orton, M. (2005). A Systematic Literature Review of Research into Career Development Interventions for Workforce Development. Search, April.
Ibrahim, M. Y. (2015). Model of Virtual Leadership, Intra-team Communication and Job Performance Among School Leaders in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 674–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.126
Ineson, E. M., Benke, E., & László, J. (2013). Employee loyalty in Hungarian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.001
Islam, M. N., Furuoka, F., & Idris, A. (2020). Mapping the relationship between transformational leadership, trust in leadership and employee championing behavior during organizational change. Asia Pacific Management Review, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2020.09.002
Ismail, A., Madrah, H., & Ismail, Y. (2013). Mediating Role of Career Development in the Relationship between Career Program and Personal Outcomes. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 17(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v17i1.1806
Ivanova, E., & Gibcus, P. (2003). The decision-making entrepreneur Literature review. January 2003, 1–41. http://www.ondernemerschap.nl/pdf-ez/N200219.pdf
Jahanbazi Goujani, A., Shahin, A., Nasr Isfahani, A., & Safari, A. (2019). Analyzing the influence of job satisfaction on hostage employee loyalty in Isfahan Province Gas Company. Benchmarking, 26(6), 1728–1748. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-04-2018-0093
Jankingthong, K., & Rurkkhum, S. (2012). Silpakorn university international journal. Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, 12(2), 115–128. http://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sujsha/article/view/7140/6165
Javid, H., Monfared, F. S. A., & Aghamoosa, R. (2016). Internal Brand Management Relationship with Brand Citizenship Behavior, Job Satisfaction and Commitment in Saipa Teif Company. Procedia Economics and Finance, 36(16), 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30053-3
Johnson, K. (2008). Virtual Leadership: Required Competencies for Effective Leaders. Communication, 39–52. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrs/research/whitepapers/upload/Spring10Mtng_VirtualLeadership.pdf
Kimbu, A. N., de Jong, A., Adam, I., Ribeiro, M. A., Afenyo-Agbe, E., Adeola, O., & Figueroa-Domecq, C. (2021). Recontextualising gender in entrepreneurial leadership. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103176
Ladkin, D., & Taylor, S. S. (2014). The physicality of leadership: Gesture, entanglement, taboo, possibilities. Monographs in Leadership and Management, 6. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-357120140000006012
Liao, C. (2017). Leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 648–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.010
Liu, J., & Jo, W. M. (2020). Value co-creation behaviors and hotel loyalty program member satisfaction based on engagement and involvement: Moderating effect of company support. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43(April 2019), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.02.002
Liu, Y. (2021). Contextual influence on formal and informal teacher leadership. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2–2(October 2020), 100028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100028
Loucks, S., & Ozogul, G. (2020). Preparing Business Students for a Distributed Workforce and Global Business Environment: Gaining Virtual Leadership Skills in an Authentic Context. TechTrends, 64(4), 655–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00513-4
Mahalingam, S., & Suresh, M. (2018). The impact of organizational commitment on employee loyalty in IT industry with reference to Coimbatore City. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 1(5), 55–59. http://www.ijresm.com/vol1iss5May18/IJRESM15_16.pdf
Ng, N. B. M. A., & Zin, M. L. B. M. (2019). The Relationship between Employee Value Proposition and Employee Loyalty: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Business and Economics, 10(10), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/10.10.2019/004
Pan, Y. (2018). On the Influencing Factors and Strategies of Employee Loyalty: Facebook case study. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(4), 553–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-018-0215-1
Pillay, N., Dawood, Q., & Karodia, A. M. (2015). The Relationship between Career Development and Staff Motivation in the South African Petroleum Sector : A Case Study of a Durban Refinery. Nigerian Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(2), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.12816/0011643
Preko, A., & Adjetey, J. (2013). A Study on the Concept of Employee Loyalty and Engagement on the Performance of Sales Executives of Commercial Banks in GHANA. International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), 4(2), 51.
Profesor, A., Manajemen, D. I., Riphah, S. K., Manajemen, F. I., & Riphah, S. K. (2018). Kepemimpinan Virtual : Makalah Ulasan Khurram Mehtab Amjad ur Rehman Saira Ishfaq Raja Ahmed Jamil. 8(4), 183–193.
Pullan, P. (2016). Virtual Leadership. Itnow, 58(3), 58–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bww085
Purvanova, R. K., & Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational leadership in context: Face-to-face and virtual teams. Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.004
Rahimpour, K., Shirouyehzad, H., Asadpour, M., & Karbasian, M. (2020). A PCA-DEA method for organizational performance evaluation based on intellectual capital and employee loyalty: A case study. Journal of Modelling in Management, 15(4), 1479–1513. https://doi.org/10.1108/JM2-03-2019-0060
Rishipal. (2019). Employee loyalty and counter-productive work behaviour among employees in the Indian hospitality sector. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(4), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-04-2019-0020
Saleem, Y., Scholar, M. P., Kamran, M. R., Sabir, F., & Iqbal, J. (2013). Career Development an Imperative of Job Satisfaction and Career Commitment: Empirical Evidence from Pakistani Employees in Banking Sector. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(21), 2222–2839. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/viewFile/7446/7725
Sleiman, A. A., Sigurjonsdottir, S., Elnes, A., Gage, N. A., & Gravina, N. E. (2020). A Quantitative Review of Performance Feedback in Organizational Settings (1998-2018). Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 40(3–4), 303–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2020.1823300
Terglav, K., Konečnik Ruzzier, M., & Kaše, R. (2016). Internal branding process: Exploring the role of mediators in top management’s leadership-commitment relationship. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 54, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.12.007
Tuba Parvaiz, B., & Ahmed, O. (2016). Munich Personal RePEc Archive Sustaining the Growth of Employee: Motivation and Career Development in Organization Sustaining the Growth of Employee: Motivation and Career Development in Organization. 69728.
Turkyilmaz, A., Akman, G., Ozkan, C., & Pastuszak, Z. (2011). Empirical study of public sector employee loyalty and satisfaction. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 111(5), 675–696. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111137250
U, S. N. (2014). Review of literature 2 . Review of literature. PhD Thesis, Amjad 2011, 49–58. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3972/11/11-chapter 3.pdf
van Dongen, L., Cardiff, S., Kluijtmans, M., Schoonhoven, L., Hamers, J. P. H., Schuurmans, M. J., & Hafsteinsdóttir, T. B. (2021). Developing leadership in postdoctoral nurses: A longitudinal mixed-methods study. Nursing Outlook, 0, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2021.01.014
Walumbwa, F. O., Mayer, D. M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K., & Christensen, A. L. (2011). Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader-member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.11.002
Water, G., Meinzer, O., & Survey, U. S. G. (1928). Chapter- 3 literature review 3.0. 1946, 14–21.
Yee, R. W. Y., Yeung, A. C. L., & Edwin Cheng, T. C. (2010). An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 124(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.015
Zakeer Ahmed, K., Allah, N., & Irfanullah, K. (2016). Leadership theories and styles: A literature review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16(January), 1–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293885908
Ziek, P., & Smulowitz, S. (2014). The impact of emergent virtual leadership competencies on team effectiveness. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 35(2), 106–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2012-0043
C. W. WOLOR, S. SOLIKHAH, N. F. FIDHYALLAH, and D. P. LESTARI, “Effectiveness of E-Training, E-Leadership, and Work Life Balance on Employee Performance during COVID-19,” J. Asian Financ. Econ. Bus., vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 443–450, 2020, doi: 10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.443.
R. W. Y. Yee, A. C. L. Yeung, and T. C. Edwin Cheng, “An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry,” Int. J. Prod. Econ., vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 109–120, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.01
Aljayi, Y., Fjer, A., Guennioui, M., & Tamek, A. (2016). Multinational Companies’ Human Resource Management Practices’ and their Organizational Culture Impact on Employees’ Loyalty: Case of Japanese Multinational Company in Morocco. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230(May), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.026
Aurand, T. W., Gorchels, L., & Bishop, T. R. (2005). Human resource management’s role in internal branding: An opportunity for cross-functional brand message synergy. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 14(3), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510601030
Autin, K. L., Blustein, D. L., Ali, S. R., & Garriott, P. O. (2020). Career Development Impacts of COVID-19: Practice and Policy Recommendations. Journal of Career Development, 47(5), 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845320944486
Bartsch, S., Weber, E., Büttgen, M., & Huber, A. (2020). Leadership matters in crisis-induced digital transformation: how to lead service employees effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0160
Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group and Organization Management, 27(1), 14–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601102027001003
Ben Sedrine, S., Bouderbala, A., & Nasraoui, H. (2020). Leadership style effect on virtual team efficiency: trust, operational cohesion and media richness roles. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-10-2018-0289
Bloemer, J., & Odekerken-Schröder, G. (2006). The role of employee relationship proneness in creating employee loyalty. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(4), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320610671342
Cesinger, B. (2011). Career and success : A literature review. 1–28. http://www.dcc-selbstaendig.de/WP/WP_01_2011.pdf
Chu, H., Hsieh, M., & Chang, S. (2007). A Study of Career Development , Learning Motivation , and Learning Satisfaction of Adult Learners in Unconventional Scheduling Graduate Programs. Learning.
Chun, R. (2009). A corporate’s responsibility to employees during a merger: Organizational virtue and employee loyalty. Corporate Governance, 9(4), 473–483. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700910985016
Conference, I., & Science, S. (2017). 2017 International Conference on Business and Social Science (ICoBBS 2017). March, 1–107.
Daniela, P. (2015). The Relationship Between Self-Regulation, Motivation And Performance At Secondary School Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2549–2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.410
Dhir, S., Dutta, T., & Ghosh, P. (2020). Linking employee loyalty with job satisfaction using PLS–SEM modelling. Personnel Review, 49(8), 1695–1711. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2019-0107
Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2008). The impact of superior-subordinate relationships on the commitment, job satisfaction, and performance of virtual workers. Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.009
Guillon, O., & Cezanne, C. (2014). Employee loyalty and organizational performance: A critical survey. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(5), 839–850. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-02-2014-0025
Guzmán, V. E., Muschard, B., Gerolamo, M., Kohl, H., & Rozenfeld, H. (2020). Characteristics and Skills of Leadership in the Context of Industry 4.0. Procedia Manufacturing, 43, 543–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.167
Hassan, S. (2013). Impact of HR practices on employee satisfaction and employee loyalty : An empirical study of government owned public sector banks of Pakistan Impact of HR Practices on Employee Satisfaction and Employee Loyalty : An Empirical Study of Government Owned Pub. October 2017. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.16.01.11638
Hendijani, R., Bischak, D. P., Arvai, J., & Dugar, S. (2016). Intrinsic motivation, external reward, and their effect on overall motivation and performance. Human Performance, 29(4), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2016.1157595
Hughes, D., Bimrose, J., Barnes, S., Bowes, L., & Orton, M. (2005). A Systematic Literature Review of Research into Career Development Interventions for Workforce Development. Search, April.
Ibrahim, M. Y. (2015). Model of Virtual Leadership, Intra-team Communication and Job Performance Among School Leaders in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 674–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.126
Ineson, E. M., Benke, E., & László, J. (2013). Employee loyalty in Hungarian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.001
Islam, M. N., Furuoka, F., & Idris, A. (2020). Mapping the relationship between transformational leadership, trust in leadership and employee championing behavior during organizational change. Asia Pacific Management Review, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2020.09.002
Ismail, A., Madrah, H., & Ismail, Y. (2013). Mediating Role of Career Development in the Relationship between Career Program and Personal Outcomes. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 17(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v17i1.1806
Ivanova, E., & Gibcus, P. (2003). The decision-making entrepreneur Literature review. January 2003, 1–41. http://www.ondernemerschap.nl/pdf-ez/N200219.pdf
Jahanbazi Goujani, A., Shahin, A., Nasr Isfahani, A., & Safari, A. (2019). Analyzing the influence of job satisfaction on hostage employee loyalty in Isfahan Province Gas Company. Benchmarking, 26(6), 1728–1748. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-04-2018-0093
Jankingthong, K., & Rurkkhum, S. (2012). Silpakorn university international journal. Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, 12(2), 115–128. http://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sujsha/article/view/7140/6165
Javid, H., Monfared, F. S. A., & Aghamoosa, R. (2016). Internal Brand Management Relationship with Brand Citizenship Behavior, Job Satisfaction and Commitment in Saipa Teif Company. Procedia Economics and Finance, 36(16), 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30053-3
Johnson, K. (2008). Virtual Leadership: Required Competencies for Effective Leaders. Communication, 39–52. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrs/research/whitepapers/upload/Spring10Mtng_VirtualLeadership.pdf
Kimbu, A. N., de Jong, A., Adam, I., Ribeiro, M. A., Afenyo-Agbe, E., Adeola, O., & Figueroa-Domecq, C. (2021). Recontextualising gender in entrepreneurial leadership. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103176
Ladkin, D., & Taylor, S. S. (2014). The physicality of leadership: Gesture, entanglement, taboo, possibilities. Monographs in Leadership and Management, 6. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-357120140000006012
Liao, C. (2017). Leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 648–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.010
Liu, J., & Jo, W. M. (2020). Value co-creation behaviors and hotel loyalty program member satisfaction based on engagement and involvement: Moderating effect of company support. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43(April 2019), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.02.002
Liu, Y. (2021). Contextual influence on formal and informal teacher leadership. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2–2(October 2020), 100028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100028
Loucks, S., & Ozogul, G. (2020). Preparing Business Students for a Distributed Workforce and Global Business Environment: Gaining Virtual Leadership Skills in an Authentic Context. TechTrends, 64(4), 655–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00513-4
Mahalingam, S., & Suresh, M. (2018). The impact of organizational commitment on employee loyalty in IT industry with reference to Coimbatore City. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 1(5), 55–59. http://www.ijresm.com/vol1iss5May18/IJRESM15_16.pdf
Ng, N. B. M. A., & Zin, M. L. B. M. (2019). The Relationship between Employee Value Proposition and Employee Loyalty: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Business and Economics, 10(10), 959–965. https://doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/10.10.2019/004
Pan, Y. (2018). On the Influencing Factors and Strategies of Employee Loyalty: Facebook case study. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(4), 553–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-018-0215-1
Pillay, N., Dawood, Q., & Karodia, A. M. (2015). The Relationship between Career Development and Staff Motivation in the South African Petroleum Sector : A Case Study of a Durban Refinery. Nigerian Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(2), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.12816/0011643
Preko, A., & Adjetey, J. (2013). A Study on the Concept of Employee Loyalty and Engagement on the Performance of Sales Executives of Commercial Banks in GHANA. International Journal of Business Research and Management (IJBRM), 4(2), 51.
Profesor, A., Manajemen, D. I., Riphah, S. K., Manajemen, F. I., & Riphah, S. K. (2018). Kepemimpinan Virtual : Makalah Ulasan Khurram Mehtab Amjad ur Rehman Saira Ishfaq Raja Ahmed Jamil. 8(4), 183–193.
Pullan, P. (2016). Virtual Leadership. Itnow, 58(3), 58–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bww085
Purvanova, R. K., & Bono, J. E. (2009). Transformational leadership in context: Face-to-face and virtual teams. Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.004
Rahimpour, K., Shirouyehzad, H., Asadpour, M., & Karbasian, M. (2020). A PCA-DEA method for organizational performance evaluation based on intellectual capital and employee loyalty: A case study. Journal of Modelling in Management, 15(4), 1479–1513. https://doi.org/10.1108/JM2-03-2019-0060
Rishipal. (2019). Employee loyalty and counter-productive work behaviour among employees in the Indian hospitality sector. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(4), 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-04-2019-0020
Saleem, Y., Scholar, M. P., Kamran, M. R., Sabir, F., & Iqbal, J. (2013). Career Development an Imperative of Job Satisfaction and Career Commitment: Empirical Evidence from Pakistani Employees in Banking Sector. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(21), 2222–2839. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/viewFile/7446/7725
Sleiman, A. A., Sigurjonsdottir, S., Elnes, A., Gage, N. A., & Gravina, N. E. (2020). A Quantitative Review of Performance Feedback in Organizational Settings (1998-2018). Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 40(3–4), 303–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2020.1823300
Terglav, K., Konečnik Ruzzier, M., & Kaše, R. (2016). Internal branding process: Exploring the role of mediators in top management’s leadership-commitment relationship. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 54, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.12.007
Tuba Parvaiz, B., & Ahmed, O. (2016). Munich Personal RePEc Archive Sustaining the Growth of Employee: Motivation and Career Development in Organization Sustaining the Growth of Employee: Motivation and Career Development in Organization. 69728.
Turkyilmaz, A., Akman, G., Ozkan, C., & Pastuszak, Z. (2011). Empirical study of public sector employee loyalty and satisfaction. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 111(5), 675–696. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571111137250
U, S. N. (2014). Review of literature 2 . Review of literature. PhD Thesis, Amjad 2011, 49–58. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3972/11/11-chapter 3.pdf
van Dongen, L., Cardiff, S., Kluijtmans, M., Schoonhoven, L., Hamers, J. P. H., Schuurmans, M. J., & Hafsteinsdóttir, T. B. (2021). Developing leadership in postdoctoral nurses: A longitudinal mixed-methods study. Nursing Outlook, 0, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2021.01.014
Walumbwa, F. O., Mayer, D. M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K., & Christensen, A. L. (2011). Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader-member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.11.002
Water, G., Meinzer, O., & Survey, U. S. G. (1928). Chapter- 3 literature review 3.0. 1946, 14–21.
Yee, R. W. Y., Yeung, A. C. L., & Edwin Cheng, T. C. (2010). An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 124(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.015
Zakeer Ahmed, K., Allah, N., & Irfanullah, K. (2016). Leadership theories and styles: A literature review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16(January), 1–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293885908
Ziek, P., & Smulowitz, S. (2014). The impact of emergent virtual leadership competencies on team effectiveness. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 35(2), 106–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2012-0043
Additional Files
Published
2021-08-28
How to Cite
Rusmawati DJ, Y., Abid Muhtarom, Luluk Nur Azizah, & Yasinta Amanda Putri. (2021). PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN VIRTUAL DAN PENGEMBANGAN KARIR TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN MELALUI LOYALITAS KARYAWAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING PADA PT PELINDO DAYA SEJAHTERA SURABAYA . Prosiding SNasPPM, 6(1), 671–679. Retrieved from http://prosiding.unirow.ac.id/index.php/SNasPPM/article/view/953
